This Guide is to give Turabian examples of footnote and bibliography entries for books, articles, dissertations, and other media types. 

• Online Turabian Style Guide

Books

Never include accessed dates or Library URL information for books. No ProQuest, DTL, or other online library information should be included (no one needs to know which library has the book). Many online libraries will include this in their auto-generated citations; be sure to remove this information. Never include links to subscription-only websites or libraries that require a login.

Bibliography Entries

Greig, Gary S. and Kevin Springer, eds. The Power of the Cross: The Biblical Place of Healing and Gift-Based Ministry in Proclaiming the Gospel. Ventura, CA: Regal Books, 1993. Greig and Springer are editors of this book (not authors), see footnote 14.

Keener, Craig S. Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2019. Every book citation MUST have this exact formation with the author’s last name, first name, long title, location of publication (city: state abbreviation), publisher name, and publication year. Use Amazon, Google, or AI to do your citations with proper publisher information. (The one place to use AI) Ask AI for the Turabian citation for your author and title, and most of the time it will.  

———.  The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000. second entry by the same author. Alphabetize the entries by Title. Use three em-dashes and a period for the author name.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed February 4, 2021, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revelation. This was an online dictionary include the access date and URL. Be sure to break the links; they should not be underlined, and they should be black. 

Thielman, Frank. Ephesians: Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament, Grand Rapids: MI, Baker Academic, 2010. Commentary

Walton, John H., Victor Harold Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas. The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000. Multiple authors

Do not include the Bible versions in the Bibliography. 

1. Scripture quotations are taken from the English Standard Version, ESV (Crossway, 2011) unless otherwise indicated. used at the first quote of the Bible, not at the first citation.
2. Craig S. Keener, Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2019), 67.  Change the name order, add parentheses, and add page numbers. 
3. Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 68-81. 
4. John H. Walton, Victor Harold Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas. The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 67.  
5. Kenneth L. Gentry Jr. et al., Four Views on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1998), 81. More than four book authors. Four or more authors use the et al. in the citation, but all authors are listed in the Bibliography. 
6. F. F. Bruce and Gordon D Fee. The Book of Acts, 2nd ed., New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1959), 195. Second edition.
7. Jennifer A. Miskov, Life on Wings: The Forgotten Life and Theology of Carrie Judd Montgomery (1858-1946), (Cleveland, TN: CPT Press, 2012), chap. 2, sec. 2.1.2, para. 11, Kindle. When there are no page numbers in Kindle or other ebook formats, you may not use the location number; instead, use the chapter, section, and paragraph. (see Turabian 17.1.7.1 or 17.1.8). Cite by chapter or section number, or by the section name. Use abbreviations: “chapter” = chap., “book” = bk., “part” = pt., “section” = sec., and “paragraph” = para. (Turabian 17.1.10.) Example: chap. 9, sec. “Paul’s Letter More Fully Explained.”  
8. Miskov, Life on Wings, chap. 2, “The End of Time,” para. 5. Kindle or eBook reference where the section has a title.
9. Keener, Christobiography, 89. The shortened form removes the long title after the colon, and no Ibid.
10. Walton, Matthews, and Chavalas, IVP Bible Commentary, 91. The shortened form uses only last names. Example: Commentaries may be referenced by the verse, for example, sec. “1 Cor. 15:4 instead of a page number, if there are no page numbers.
11. John Goldingay, Psalms 51-100, Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms, vol. 3 (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2008), 90. Multiple-volume commentary.
12. Stanley M. Burgess and Gary B. McGee, eds. Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1988), 89; Jennifer A. Miskov, Life on Wings: The Forgotten Life and Theology of Carrie Judd Montgomery (1858-1946), (Cleveland, TN: CPT Press, 2012), chap. 2, sec. 2.1.2, Kindle.  Multiple sources being cited in one footnote are separated by a semicolon.
13. Carrie Judd Montgomery, “A Letter from the Editor,” Triumphs of Faith, January 1934, 20, Quoted in Curtis, Heather, D. “God is Not Affected by the Depression: Pentecostal Missions during the 1930s,” Church History 80, no. 3, (Sept. 2011): 579-589, 588. One source quoted in another source. It is recommended to look up the direct source if at all possible. This “quoted in” format should be used sparingly.  
14. Mrs. Mix had recently been healed of tuberculosis when Ethan Otis Allen, dubbed the “Father of Divine Healing” by A.B. Simpson, prayed for her. They were both part of the Divine Healing Movement. Allen believed Mrs. Mix had the “power of healing in her.” Miskov, Life on Wings, chap. 2, sec. 2.1.4, para. 1. This footnote includes extra information. Footnotes are a good place to include full Bible verses, extra quotes, Greek word study, or other information that might interrupt your paper’s flow.
15. Don Williams, “Following Christ’s Example: A Biblical View of Discipleship,” in The Power of the Cross, eds., Gary S. Greig and Kevin Springer (Ventura, CA: Regal Books, a division of Gospel Light, 1993), 162. This is a chapter from a book with Editors. Each chapter is written by a different author. That author gets credit here and not in the Bibliography (only the editors go in the bibliography).  
16. Frank E. Gaebelein, ed., Matthew, The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 8 (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1984), 492. Only an editor and no chapter authors are listed.
17. Gaebelein, Matthew, 8:492. Keep the volume number in the shortened citation.
18. Walter Bauer, “αἰσχύνης” in A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2nd ed. (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1979), 25, 454. Some lexicons/dictionaries do not have page numbers, and also include the Greek word you looked up in quotes before the book title.
19. Bauer, “αἰσχύνης” in A Greek-English Lexicon, 25.
20. Daniel M. Master, “Corinth” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013), n.p. No page (n.p.) should rarely be used. In this case, the word “Corinth” is giving the entry form of the Encyclopedia instead of a page number.
21. Scripture quotations are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version, NIV (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2018) unless otherwise indicated.
22. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, s.v. “Revelation,” accessed February 4, 2021, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revelation. The word that was looked up goes in quotes. This was an online dictionary include the access date and URL.
23. Marvin Tate, Psalms 51-100, Word Biblical Commentary, 20 (Grand Rapids, MI: HarperCollins Christian Publishing, 2015), 497. Commentary series, volume 20.
24. Tate, Psalms 51–100, 81.

Internet Articles

The vast majority of articles on the internet cannot be cited as scholarly work (ex. Wikipedia, Blue Letter Bible, GotQuestions, Bible Gateway, blogs). Use scholarly journals. The website should rarely be cited; this usually indicates poor research.  

Journal Article

• Lanaham, Clara. “Helicopters and Parenting in the Prevention of Flight Anxiety.” Psychology Matters 46, no. 3 (2009): 32–76. The article name in quotes, and the journal is italicized. Volume number goes next to the journal name with no punctuation (not italicized). Full page numbers of the article are included here.  
• Whitcomb, J.C., “Biblical Inerrancy and the Double Revelation Theory.” Grace Journal 4, (1963).  https://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/grace-journal/04-1_03.pdf. An online source needs the URL (black and not underlined). Many online articles will have a stable DOI URL available that starts with https://doi.org/
• Montgomery, Carrie Judd. “A Letter from the Editor,” Triumphs of Faith, (January 1934).  No volume number. 
• _________.  “Not the Spirit of Fear,” Triumphs of Faith 28, (January 1908).
• Stetzer, Ed. “Continualist Christians: An Overview.” Christianity Today (Blog Forum). The Exchange with Ed Stetzer, October 17, 2013. https://www.christianitytoday.com/ edstetzer/2013/october/continualists-overview.html.  Academic blog or internet article. 
• Rising, Jon. “The Latter Rain Movement of ’48,” August 6, 2020. https://lrm1948.blogspot.com.
• University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, “The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919: Oakland, California,” Influenza Encyclopedia. MI: Michigan Publishing: University of Michigan Library, n.d. Accessed May 15, 2021. https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-oakland.html

1. Footnotes
2. Clara Lanaham, “Helicopters and Parenting in the Prevention of Flight Anxiety,” Psychology Matters 46, no. 3 (2009): 32–76, 37. Include the citation page number after the article page numbers. 
3. Heather D. Curtis, “God is Not Affected by the Depression: Pentecostal Missions during the 1930s,” Church History 80, no. 3 (Sept. 2011): 579-589, 588.
4. Curtis, “God is Not Affected,” 588. Shortened form. 

Newspaper Article (no author)

• “The Voodoo Priestess,” Oakland Daily Evening Tribune, December 2, 1889.
• “The Trance Evangelist,” Indianapolis Journal, September 26, 1885.
• “The Trance Evangelist,” San Francisco Examiner, February 11, 1890.
•  “San Francisco Doomed: Evening EXTRA edition,” Oakland Tribune Newspaper, April 18, 1906.

Dissertations. Do not include the URL to the dissertation in most cases if it is in a locked or subscriber-only location.

Maas, Kim. “Building Prophetic Community in the Local Church: A Comparative Analysis of the Experience and Practices of Leading Prophets.” DMin dissertation, United Theological Seminary, 2013. 

1. Randy Clark,  “A Study of the Effects of Christian Prayer on Pain or Mobility Restrictions from Surgeries Involving Implanted Materials” (DMin diss., United Theological Seminary, 2013),

Videos. There is little need to cite videos in a research paper. It is not common to cite videos. Do not cite class lectures in a research paper.   

Jeffers, Oliver. “An Ode to Living on Earth.” TED. April 22, 2020. YouTube video, 10:47. https://youtu.be/zpn6MCmoK0g.

1. Randy Clark, “Words of Knowledge Workshop,” YouTube Channel, upload date, YouTube video, time stamp, Accessed August 12, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/100092446/show
2. Oliver Jeffers, “An Ode to Living on Earth,” TED, April 22, 2020, YouTube video, 10:47, https://youtu.be/zpn6MCmoK0g.

Interviews, Emails, and Other Media.
Interviews: All interviews or transcripts of sessions or lectures will most likely need to be transcribed and added as an Appendix or a Supplemental to your work (unless they are publicly available on a stable platform). Most research work will not include these. The interviewee will be the author. Be sure to have any legal paperwork for consent to publish the interview.

• Example Bibliography: Smith, John. Interview by George Brown. Canmore, Alberta, Canada. August 30, 2023.
• Example footnote: John Smith, interview by author, Canmore, Alberta, Canada, August 30, 2023.

Emails: Personal communications, such as messages shared through social media or emails, are only cited in the footnote. List the other person’s name, the type of communication, and the date of the communication. Be sure to have any legal paperwork for consent to publish the interview. For social media, see Turabian 17.5.3. For online forums and emailing lists, see 17.5.4. For others, see 17.1.9. 

• Example:  John Smith, email message to author, June 25, 2023.

• Cite in a footnote the version of the Bible upon the first quote from it. Ensure that the citation is when you first actually quote, not just cite a verse. Here are some of the footnotes to add:
• Scripture quotations are taken from the English Standard Version, ESV (Crossway, 2011) unless otherwise indicated. 
• Scripture quotations are taken from The Holy Bible: New International Version, NIV (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2018) unless otherwise indicated. 
• Scripture quotations are taken from the New King James Bible, NKJV (Thomas Nelson, 2004) unless otherwise indicated.

• Turabian Manual
• Another Turabian Manual 
• Example 1 Citations (Bibliography and Footnotes)
• Example 2 Citations (Bibliography and Footnotes